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pytorch-image-models/hfdocs/source/models/dla.mdx

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# Deep Layer Aggregation
Extending “shallow” skip connections, **Dense Layer Aggregation (DLA)** incorporates more depth and sharing. The authors introduce two structures for deep layer aggregation (DLA): iterative deep aggregation (IDA) and hierarchical deep aggregation (HDA). These structures are expressed through an architectural framework, independent of the choice of backbone, for compatibility with current and future networks.
IDA focuses on fusing resolutions and scales while HDA focuses on merging features from all modules and channels. IDA follows the base hierarchy to refine resolution and aggregate scale stage-bystage. HDA assembles its own hierarchy of tree-structured connections that cross and merge stages to aggregate different levels of representation.
## How do I use this model on an image?
To load a pretrained model:
```py
>>> import timm
>>> model = timm.create_model('dla102', pretrained=True)
>>> model.eval()
```
To load and preprocess the image:
```py
>>> import urllib
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> from timm.data import resolve_data_config
>>> from timm.data.transforms_factory import create_transform
>>> config = resolve_data_config({}, model=model)
>>> transform = create_transform(**config)
>>> url, filename = ("https://github.com/pytorch/hub/raw/master/images/dog.jpg", "dog.jpg")
>>> urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, filename)
>>> img = Image.open(filename).convert('RGB')
>>> tensor = transform(img).unsqueeze(0) # transform and add batch dimension
```
To get the model predictions:
```py
>>> import torch
>>> with torch.no_grad():
... out = model(tensor)
>>> probabilities = torch.nn.functional.softmax(out[0], dim=0)
>>> print(probabilities.shape)
>>> # prints: torch.Size([1000])
```
To get the top-5 predictions class names:
```py
>>> # Get imagenet class mappings
>>> url, filename = ("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pytorch/hub/master/imagenet_classes.txt", "imagenet_classes.txt")
>>> urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, filename)
>>> with open("imagenet_classes.txt", "r") as f:
... categories = [s.strip() for s in f.readlines()]
>>> # Print top categories per image
>>> top5_prob, top5_catid = torch.topk(probabilities, 5)
>>> for i in range(top5_prob.size(0)):
... print(categories[top5_catid[i]], top5_prob[i].item())
>>> # prints class names and probabilities like:
>>> # [('Samoyed', 0.6425196528434753), ('Pomeranian', 0.04062102362513542), ('keeshond', 0.03186424449086189), ('white wolf', 0.01739676296710968), ('Eskimo dog', 0.011717947199940681)]
```
Replace the model name with the variant you want to use, e.g. `dla102`. You can find the IDs in the model summaries at the top of this page.
To extract image features with this model, follow the [timm feature extraction examples](https://rwightman.github.io/pytorch-image-models/feature_extraction/), just change the name of the model you want to use.
## How do I finetune this model?
You can finetune any of the pre-trained models just by changing the classifier (the last layer).
```py
>>> model = timm.create_model('dla102', pretrained=True, num_classes=NUM_FINETUNE_CLASSES)
```
To finetune on your own dataset, you have to write a training loop or adapt [timm's training
script](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/master/train.py) to use your dataset.
## How do I train this model?
You can follow the [timm recipe scripts](scripts) for training a new model afresh.
## Citation
```BibTeX
@misc{yu2019deep,
title={Deep Layer Aggregation},
author={Fisher Yu and Dequan Wang and Evan Shelhamer and Trevor Darrell},
year={2019},
eprint={1707.06484},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
```
<!--
Type: model-index
Collections:
- Name: DLA
Paper:
Title: Deep Layer Aggregation
URL: https://paperswithcode.com/paper/deep-layer-aggregation
Models:
- Name: dla102
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 7192952808
Parameters: 33270000
File Size: 135290579
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
Training Resources: 8x GPUs
ID: dla102
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 102
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L410
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla102-d94d9790.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.03%
Top 5 Accuracy: 93.95%
- Name: dla102x
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 5886821352
Parameters: 26310000
File Size: 107552695
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
Training Resources: 8x GPUs
ID: dla102x
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 102
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L418
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla102x-ad62be81.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.51%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.23%
- Name: dla102x2
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 9343847400
Parameters: 41280000
File Size: 167645295
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
Training Resources: 8x GPUs
ID: dla102x2
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 102
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L426
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla102x2-262837b6.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 79.44%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.65%
- Name: dla169
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 11598004200
Parameters: 53390000
File Size: 216547113
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
Training Resources: 8x GPUs
ID: dla169
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 169
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L434
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla169-0914e092.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.69%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.33%
- Name: dla34
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 3070105576
Parameters: 15740000
File Size: 63228658
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla34
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 32
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L362
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla34-ba72cf86.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 74.62%
Top 5 Accuracy: 92.06%
- Name: dla46_c
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 583277288
Parameters: 1300000
File Size: 5307963
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla46_c
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 46
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L369
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla46_c-2bfd52c3.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 64.87%
Top 5 Accuracy: 86.29%
- Name: dla46x_c
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 544052200
Parameters: 1070000
File Size: 4387641
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla46x_c
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 46
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L378
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla46x_c-d761bae7.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 65.98%
Top 5 Accuracy: 86.99%
- Name: dla60
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 4256251880
Parameters: 22040000
File Size: 89560235
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla60
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 60
Dropout: 0.2
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L394
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla60-24839fc4.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 77.04%
Top 5 Accuracy: 93.32%
- Name: dla60_res2net
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 4147578504
Parameters: 20850000
File Size: 84886593
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla60_res2net
Layers: 60
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Image Size: '224'
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L346
Weights: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-res2net/res2net_dla60_4s-d88db7f9.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.46%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.21%
- Name: dla60_res2next
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 3485335272
Parameters: 17030000
File Size: 69639245
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla60_res2next
Layers: 60
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Image Size: '224'
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L354
Weights: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-res2net/res2next_dla60_4s-d327927b.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.44%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.16%
- Name: dla60x
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 3544204264
Parameters: 17350000
File Size: 70883139
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla60x
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 60
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L402
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla60x-d15cacda.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 78.25%
Top 5 Accuracy: 94.02%
- Name: dla60x_c
In Collection: DLA
Metadata:
FLOPs: 593325032
Parameters: 1320000
File Size: 5454396
Architecture:
- 1x1 Convolution
- Batch Normalization
- Convolution
- DLA Bottleneck Residual Block
- DLA Residual Block
- Global Average Pooling
- Max Pooling
- ReLU
- Residual Block
- Residual Connection
- Softmax
Tasks:
- Image Classification
Training Techniques:
- SGD with Momentum
- Weight Decay
Training Data:
- ImageNet
ID: dla60x_c
LR: 0.1
Epochs: 120
Layers: 60
Crop Pct: '0.875'
Momentum: 0.9
Batch Size: 256
Image Size: '224'
Weight Decay: 0.0001
Interpolation: bilinear
Code: https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/d8e69206be253892b2956341fea09fdebfaae4e3/timm/models/dla.py#L386
Weights: http://dl.yf.io/dla/models/imagenet/dla60x_c-b870c45c.pth
Results:
- Task: Image Classification
Dataset: ImageNet
Metrics:
Top 1 Accuracy: 67.91%
Top 5 Accuracy: 88.42%
-->